Alfred M. Green Speech Analysis Essay

The Civil War, a war fought during the 1860s, decided a great many things: slavery or freedom, south and north or unification. In the beginning of the war, the Northern African Americans were not allowed to join the Union Army and fight against the Southern oppressors. Alfred M. Green, while giving a speech in Philadelphia at the beginning of the war, urged African American to prepare to enlist. He also spoke subversively about the unfairness of the treatment of African Americans not only in the South but also in the North. Green uses a variety of methods to persuade his fellow African-Americans to prepare for war while also speaking out against the treatment of the African-Am. in the North. Green begins his speech by immediately mentioning the cornerstone of the American ideology, that American citizens believe in â€Å"freedom, and of civil and religious toleration.† By remind the African Americans what America is founded on, he incites in them the desire to go to war against anyone opposing the idea. Green, by the same token, reminds the whites of their unfairness in denying the African Americans their rights. The mention of the â€Å"immortal Washington† and â€Å"Jackson† also appeals to the patriotism in the African Americans, moving them closer to desiring to fight in the war. The appeal Green makes to the religious beliefs of the African Americans is apparent throughout his speech. Because most of the African Americans at the time were Christian, by referring to their God as the â€Å"God of truth, Justice and equality to all men† makes the AFri. Am. feel obligated to help the cause of the Civil War. Because their God believed in â€Å"freedom,† why and how can they deny anyone else that right? At the same time Green also reminds the whites that their same God is the white God and that the African Americans deserve rights as well. Green also wants the African Americans to be â€Å"trusting in God† because their God wants them to go to war and will protect them. Why should the African Americans not go to war under such protection? By the end of his speech, Green begins to remind the African Americans of their â€Å"oppressed brethren† in the South. He reminds them of people under a â€Å"tyrant system† and requests their assistance in overthrowing it. He also  mentions the desire of the Southern leaders to â€Å"drive back†¦civil and religious freedom†¦ and have more slave territory.† By mentioning the goals of the other side, he motivates the African Americans to battle by showing them the future of the nation if the South wins because they did not fight. Green notes that their â€Å"very presence† on the battlefield will urge the slaves in the South to revolt. Green’s word choice throughout his speech helps him to motivate the African Americans to battle without their realizing it. He constantly uses the phrase â€Å"let us† to persuade the African Americans to join the army without directly telling them to do so. A direct order is much less likely to be followed than a softer direction such as â€Å"let us.† He also includes himself in the group by using the word â€Å"us,† making him seem motivated and desirous of joining the army as well. If he desires to join, why should they not? Green also anticipates certain rebuttals to his argument, but he silences them by beginning his arguments with â€Å"it is true.† He wants the African American people to know that he too realizes the problems with the government but his is still willing to go to war. Although Green does make certain condescending arguments towards the white audience by the end of the speech he has â€Å"united† both American Americans and whites by focusing them against a common enemy: the South. He does want change, but he knows that defeating the Southern slavery system is much more pressing and important in the long run. Green is careful to â€Å"hope of the future† but still â€Å"improve the present,† and he hopes not only the African Americans but also the whites will do the same.

Blood Promise Chapter Ten

Everyone had hit it off so well at lunch with Avery that the group had gotten together again that evening and had kind of a wild time. Lissa was thinking about that as she sat in her first-period English class the next morning. They'd stayed up late last night, sneaking out past curfew. The memory brought a smile to Lissa's face, even as she stifled a yawn. I couldn't help but feel a tiny bit of jealousy. I knew Avery was responsible for Lissa's happiness, and that bothered me on a petty level. Yet†¦ Avery's new friendship was also making me feel less guilty about leaving Lissa. Lissa yawned again. It was hard to concentrate on The Scarlet Letter while fighting a slight hangover. Avery seemed to have a never-ending supply of liquor. Adrian had taken to this right away, but Lissa had been a little more hesitant. She'd abandoned her partying days a long time ago, but she'd finally succumbed last night and drunk more glasses of wine than she really should have. It wasn't unlike my situation with the vodka, ironically enough. Both of us overindulging, despite being miles and miles apart. Suddenly, a high-pitched wail pierced the air. Lissa's head shot up, along with everyone else's in the class. In a corner of the room, a small fire alarm flashed and shrieked its warning. Naturally, some students started cheering while some pretended to be scared. The rest just looked surprised and waited. Lissa's instructor also looked a little caught off guard, and after a quick examination, Lissa decided this wasn't a planned alarm. Teachers usually had a heads-up when there were drills, and Ms. Malloy didn't wear the usual weary expression teachers had when trying to figure out how much time the drill would cut from their lessons. â€Å"Up and at 'em,† said Ms. Malloy in annoyance, grabbing a clipboard. â€Å"You know where to go.† Fire drill procedure was pretty standard. Lissa followed the others and fell in step with Christian. â€Å"Did you set this up?† she teased. â€Å"Nope. Wish I had, though. This class is killing me.† â€Å"You? I have the worst headache ever.† He gave her a knowing grin. â€Å"Let that be a lesson to you, Little Miss Lush.† She made a face in return and gave him a light punch. They reached their class's meeting spot out on the quad and joined in the semblance of a line the others were trying to form. Ms. Malloy arrived and checked everyone off on her clipboard, satisfied no one had been left behind. â€Å"I don't think this was planned,† said Lissa. â€Å"Agreed,† said Christian. â€Å"Which means even if there's no fire, it might take a while.† â€Å"Well, then. No use waiting around, huh?† Christian and Lissa turned around in surprise at the voice behind them and saw Avery. She wore a purple sweater dress and black heels that seemed totally out of place on the wet grass. â€Å"What are you doing here?† asked Lissa. â€Å"Figured you'd be in your room.† â€Å"Whatever. It's so boring there. I had to come liberate you guys.† â€Å"You did this?† asked Christian, slightly impressed. Avery shrugged. â€Å"I told you, I was bored. Now, come on while it's still chaotic.† Christian and Lissa exchanged glances. â€Å"Well,† said Lissa slowly, â€Å"I suppose they did already take attendance†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Hurry!† said Avery. Her excitement was contagious, and, feeling bold, Lissa hurried after her, Christian in tow. With all the milling students, no one noticed them cutting across the campus-until they reached the outside of guest housing. Simon stood leaning against the door, and Lissa stiffened. They were busted. â€Å"Everything set?† Avery asked him. Simon, definitely the strong-and-silent type, gave a swift nod as his only answer before straightening up. He stuffed his hands into his coat pockets and walked off. Lissa stared in amazement. â€Å"He just†¦ he just let us go? And is he in on it?† Simon wasn't on campus as a teacher, but still†¦ that didn't necessarily mean he'd let students skip out on class because of a faked fire drill. Avery grinned mischievously, watching him go. â€Å"We've been together for a while. He's got better things to do than babysit us.† She led them inside, but instead of going to her room, they cut off to a different section of the building and went somewhere I knew well: Adrian's room. Avery beat on the door. â€Å"Hey, Ivashkov! Open up.† Lissa slapped a hand over her mouth to smother her giggles. â€Å"So much for stealth. Everyone's going to hear you.† â€Å"I need him to hear me,† Avery argued. She kept pounding on the door and yelling, and finally, Adrian answered. His hair stuck up at odd angles, and he had dark circles under his eyes. He'd drunk twice as much as Lissa last night. â€Å"What†¦?† He blinked. â€Å"Shouldn't you guys be in class? Oh God. I didn't sleep that much, did I?† â€Å"Let us in,† said Avery, pushing past. â€Å"We've got refugees from a fire here.† She flounced onto his couch, making herself at home while he continued staring. Lissa and Christian joined her. â€Å"Avery sprang the fire alarm,† explained Lissa. â€Å"Nice work,† said Adrian, collapsing into a fluffy chair. â€Å"But why'd you have to come here? Is this the only place that's not burning down?† Avery batted her eyelashes at him. â€Å"Aren't you happy to see us?† He eyed her speculatively for a moment. â€Å"Always happy to see you.† Lissa was normally pretty straitlaced about this kind of thing, but something about it amused her. It was so wild, so silly†¦ it was a break from all her recent worries. â€Å"It's not going to take them that long to figure it out, you know. They could be letting everyone in right now.† â€Å"They could be,† agreed Avery, putting her feet up on the coffee table. â€Å"But I have it on good authority that another alarm is going to go off in the school once they open the doors.† â€Å"How the hell did you manage that?† asked Christian. â€Å"Top secret.† Adrian rubbed his eyes and was clearly amused by this, despite the abrupt wake-up. â€Å"You can't pull fire alarms all day, Lazar.† â€Å"Actually, I have it on good authority that once they give the all-clear on a second alarm, a third's going to go off.† Lissa laughed out loud, though a lot of it was due more to the guys' reactions and less to Avery's announcement. Christian, in fits of antisocial rebellion, had set people on fire. Adrian spent most of his days drunk and chain-smoking. For a cute society girl like Avery to astonish them, something truly remarkable had to happen. Avery looked very pleased at having outdone them. â€Å"If the interrogation's over now,† she said, â€Å"aren't you going to offer your guests any refreshments?† Adrian stood up and yawned. â€Å"Fine, fine, you insolent girl. I'll make coffee.† â€Å"With a kick?† She inclined her head toward Adrian's liquor cabinet. â€Å"You have got to be kidding,† said Christian. â€Å"Do you even have a liver left?† Avery wandered over to the cabinet and picked up a bottle of something. She held it out to Lissa. â€Å"You game?† Even Lissa's morning rebelliousness had limits. The wine headache still throbbed in her skull. â€Å"Ugh, no.† â€Å"Cowards,† said Avery. She turned back to Adrian. â€Å"Well then, Mr. Ivashkov, you'd best put on the pot. I always like a little coffee with my brandy.† Not long after that, I faded away from Lissa's head and drifted back into my own, returning to the blackness of sleep and ordinary dreams. It was short-lived, however, seeing as a loud pounding soon jerked me into consciousness. My eyes flew open, and a deep, searing pain shot through the back of my skull-the aftereffects of that toxic vodka, no doubt. Lissa's hangover had nothing on mine. I started to close my eyes, wanting to sink back under and let sleep heal the worst of my pain. Then, I heard the pounding again -and worse, my whole bed shook violently. Someone was kicking it. Opening my eyes again, I turned and found myself staring into Yeva's shrewd dark eyes. If Sydney had met many dhampirs like Yeva, I could understand why she thought our race were minions of hell. Pursing her lips, Yeva kicked the bed again. â€Å"Hey,† I cried. â€Å"I'm awake, okay?† Yeva muttered something in Russian, and Paul peered around from behind her, translating. â€Å"She says you're not awake until you're actually out of bed and standing up.† And with no more warning, that sadistic old woman continued kicking the bed. I jerked upright, and the world spun around me. I'd said this before, but this time, I really meant it: I was never going to drink again. No good ever came from it. The covers looked awfully tempting to my agonized body, but a few more kicks from Yeva's pointy-toed boots made me shoot up off the bed. â€Å"Okay, okay. Are you happy now? I'm up.† Yeva's expression didn't change, but at least she stopped with the kicking. I turned to Paul. â€Å"What's going on?† â€Å"Grandmother says you have to go with her.† â€Å"Where?† â€Å"She says you don't need to know.† I started to say that I wasn't following that crazy old wench anywhere, but after one look at her scary face, I thought better of it. I didn't put it past her to be able to turn people into toads. â€Å"Fine,† I said. â€Å"I'll be ready to go once I shower and change.† Paul translated my words, but Yeva shook her head and spoke again. â€Å"She says there's no time,† he explained. â€Å"We have to go now.† â€Å"Can I at least brush my teeth?† She allowed that small concession, but a change of clothes was apparently out of the question. It was just as well. Each step I took made me feel woozy, and I probably would have passed out doing something as complicated as dressing and undressing. The clothes didn't smell or anything either; they were mostly just wrinkled from where I'd fallen asleep in them. When I got downstairs, I saw that no one else was awake except Olena. She was washing leftover dishes from last night and seemed surprised to see me up. That made two of us. â€Å"It's early for you, isn't it?† she asked. I turned and caught sight of the kitchen clock. I gasped. It was only about four hours after I'd gone to bed. â€Å"Good God. Is the sun even up?† Amazingly, it was. Olena offered to make me breakfast, but again, Yeva reiterated our time crunch. My stomach seemed to simultaneously want and loathe food, so I couldn't say if abstaining was a good thing or not. â€Å"Whatever,† I said. â€Å"Let's just go and get this over with.† Yeva walked into the living room and returned a few moments later with a large satchel. She handed it to me expectantly. I shrugged and took it, hanging it over one shoulder. It clearly had stuff in it, but it wasn't that heavy. She went back out to the other room and returned with another tote bag. I took this one too and hung it over the same shoulder, balancing both of them. This one was heavier, but my back didn't complain too much. When she left for a third time and returned with a giant box, I started to get irate. â€Å"What is this?† I demanded, taking it from her. It felt like it had bricks in it. â€Å"Grandmother needs you to carry some things,† Paul told me. â€Å"Yes,† I said through gritted teeth. â€Å"I sort of figured that out fifty pounds ago.† Yeva gave me one more box, stacking it on top of the other. It wasn't as heavy, but by this point, it honestly didn't matter. Olena shot me a sympathetic look, shook her head, and returned silently to her dishes, apparently not about to argue with Yeva. Yeva set off after that, and I followed obediently, trying to both hold the boxes and not let the bags fall off my shoulder. It was a heavy load, one my hungover body really didn't want, but I was strong enough that I figured it wouldn't be a problem to get into town or wherever she was leading me. Paul ran along at my side, apparently there to let me know if Yeva found anything along the road she wanted me to carry too. It seemed like spring was charging into Siberia far faster than it ever did into Montana. The sky was clear, and the morning sun was heating things up surprisingly fast. It was hardly summer weather, but it was definitely enough to notice. It would have made very uncomfortable walking weather for a Moroi. â€Å"Do you know where we're going?† I asked Paul. â€Å"No,† he said cheerfully. For someone so old, Yeva could move at a pretty good pace, and I found myself having to hurry to keep up with her with my load. At one point, she glanced back and said something that Paul translated as, â€Å"She's kind of surprised that you can't move faster.† â€Å"Yeah, well, I'm kind of surprised that no one else can carry any of this.† He translated again: â€Å"She says if you're really such a famous Strigoi killer, then this shouldn't be a problem.† I was filled with great relief when downtown came into sight†¦ only we kept walking past it. â€Å"Oh, come on,† I said. â€Å"Where the hell are we going?† Without giving me a backward glance, Yeva rattled off something. â€Å"Grandmother says Uncle Dimka never would have complained so much,† Paul said. None of this was Paul's fault; he was just the messenger. Yet, every time he spoke, I kind of wanted to kick him. Nonetheless, I kept carrying my burden and didn't say anything else for the rest of the walk. Yeva was right to a certain extent. I was a Strigoi hunter, and it was true that Dimitri would have never complained about some old lady's crazy whims. He would have done his duty patiently. I tried to summon him up in my mind and draw strength from him. I thought about that time in the cabin again, thought about the way his lips had felt on mine and the wonderful scent of his skin when I'd pressed closer to him. I could hear his voice once more, murmuring in my ear that he loved me, that I was beautiful, that I was the only one†¦ Thinking of him didn't take away the discomfort of my journey with Yeva, but it made it a little more bearable. We walked for almost an hour more before reaching a small house, and I was ready to fall over in relief, soaked in sweat. The house was one floor, made of plain, weatherworn brown boards. The windows, however, were surrounded on three sides by exquisite, highly stylized blue shutters overlaid with a white design. It was that same sort of flashy use of color I'd seen on the buildings in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Yeva knocked on the door. At first there was only silence, and I panicked, thinking we'd have to turn right around and head back. Finally, a woman answered the door-a Moroi woman. She was maybe thirty, very pretty, with high cheekbones and strawberry-blond hair. She exclaimed in surprise at seeing Yeva, smiling and greeting her in Russian. Glancing over at Paul and me, the woman quickly stepped aside and gestured us in. She switched to English as soon as she realized I was American. All these bilingual people were kind of amazing. It wasn't something I saw very often in the U.S. She pointed to a table and told me to set everything there, which I did with relief. â€Å"My name's Oksana,† she said, shaking my hand. â€Å"My husband, Mark, is in the garden and should be in soon.† â€Å"I'm Rose,† I told her. Oksana offered us chairs. Mine was wooden and straight-backed, but at that moment, it felt like a down-filled bed. I sighed happily and wiped the sweat off my brow. Meanwhile, Oksana unpacked the things I'd carried. The bags were filled with leftovers from the funeral. The top box contained some dishes and pots, which Paul explained had been borrowed from Oksana some time ago. Oksana finally reached the bottom box, and so help me, it was filled with garden bricks. â€Å"You have got to be kidding,† I said. Across the living room, Yeva looked very smug. Oksana was delighted by the gifts. â€Å"Oh, Mark will be happy to have these.† She smiled at me. â€Å"It was very sweet of you to carry these that whole way.† â€Å"Happy to help,† I said stiffly. The back door opened, and a man walked in-Mark, presumably. He was tall and stockily built, his graying hair indicating an age greater than Oksana's. He washed his hands in the kitchen sink and then turned to join us. I nearly gasped when I saw his face and discovered something stranger than the age difference. He was a dhampir. For a moment, I wondered if this was someone else and not her husband, Mark. But that was the name Oksana introduced him with, and the truth hit me: a Moroi and dhampir married couple. Sure, our two races hooked up all the time. But marriage? It was very scandalous in the Moroi world. I tried to keep the surprise off my face and behave as politely as I could. Oksana and Mark seemed very interested in me, though she did most of the talking. Mark simply watched, curiosity all over his face. My hair was down, so my tattoos couldn't have given away my unpromised status. Maybe he was just wondering how an American girl had found her way out to the middle of nowhere. Maybe he thought I was a new blood whore recruit. By my third glass of water, I began to feel better. It was around that time that Oksana said we should eat, and by then, my stomach was ready for it. Oksana and Mark prepared the food together, dismissing any offers of help. Watching the couple work was fascinating. I had never seen such an efficient team. They never got in each other's way and never needed to talk about what needed doing next. They just knew. Despite the remote location, the kitchen's contents were modern, and Oksana placed a dish of some sort of potato casserole in the microwave. Mark's back was to her while he rummaged in the refrigerator, but as soon as she hit start, he said, â€Å"No, it doesn't need to be that long.† I blinked in surprise, glancing back and forth between them. He hadn't even seen what time she'd selected. Then I got it. â€Å"You're bonded,† I exclaimed. Both looked at me in equal surprise. â€Å"Yes. Didn't Yeva tell you?† Oksana asked. I shot a quick look at Yeva, who was again wearing that annoyingly self-satisfied look on her face. â€Å"No. Yeva hasn't been very forthcoming this morning.† â€Å"Most everyone around here knows,† Oksana said, returning to her work. â€Å"Then†¦ then you're a spirit user.† That made her pause again. She and Mark exchanged startled looks. â€Å"That,† she said, â€Å"is not something that's widely known.† â€Å"Most people think you haven't specialized, right?† â€Å"How did you know?† Because it was exactly how it had been for Lissa and me. Stories of bonds had always existed in Moroi folklore, but how bonds formed had always been a mystery. It was generally believed they â€Å"just happened.† Like Oksana, Lissa had generally been regarded as a non-specializing Moroi-one who didn't have any special ability with one element. We realized now, of course, that bonding only occurred with spirit users, when they saved the lives of others. Something in Oksana's voice told me she wasn't really all that surprised I knew. I couldn't figure out how she'd realized that, however, and I was too stunned by my discovery to say anything else. Lissa and I had never, ever met another bonded pair. The only such two we knew about were the legendary Vladimir and Anna. And those stories were shrouded by centuries of incomplete history, making it difficult to know fact from fiction. The only other leads we had to the world of spirit were Ms. Karp-a former teacher who went insane-and Adrian. Until now, he had been our biggest discovery, a spirit user who was more or less stable-depending on how you looked at it. When the meal was ready, spirit never came up. Oksana led the conversation, keeping to light topics and jumping between languages. I studied her and Mark as I ate, looking for any signs of instability. I saw none. They seemed like perfectly pleasant, perfectly ordinary people. If I hadn't known what I did, I would have had no reason to suspect anything. Oksana didn't seem depressed or unhinged. Mark hadn't inherited that vile darkness that sometimes seeped into me. My stomach welcomed the food, and the last of my headache faded away. At one point, though, a strange sensation swept through me. It was disorienting, like a fluttering in my head, and a wave of heat and then ice coursing through me. The feeling disappeared as quickly as it came on, and I hoped it'd be the last of that demon vodka's ill effects. We finished eating, and I jumped up to help. Oksana shook her head. â€Å"No, there's no need. You should go with Mark.† â€Å"Huh?† I asked. He dabbed at his face with a napkin and then stood up. â€Å"Yes. Let's go out to the garden.† I started to follow, then paused to glance back at Yeva. I expected her to chastise me for abandoning the dishes. Instead, I found no smug or disapproving looks. Her expression was†¦ knowing. Almost expectant. Something about it sent a shiver down my back, and I recalled Viktoria's words: Yeva had dreamed of my arrival. The garden Mark led me to was much bigger than I expected, enclosed in a thick fence and lined with trees. New leaves hung on them, blocking the worst of the heat. Lots of bushes and flowers were already in bloom, and here and there, young shoots were well on their way to adulthood. It was beautiful, and I wondered if Oksana had had a hand in it. Lissa was able to make plants grow with spirit. Mark gestured me over to a stone bench. We sat down side by side, and silence fell. â€Å"So,† he said. â€Å"What would you like to know?† â€Å"Wow. You don't waste time.† â€Å"I don't see any point in it. You must have lots of questions. I'll do my best to answer.† â€Å"How did you know?† I asked. â€Å"That I'm shadow-kissed too. You did, right?† He nodded. â€Å"Yeva told us.† Okay, that was a surprise. â€Å"Yeva?† â€Å"She can sense things†¦ things the rest of us can't. She doesn't always know what she's sensing, however. She only knew there was a strange feel to you, and she'd only ever felt that around one other person. So she brought you to me.† â€Å"Seems like she could have done that without me having to carry a household's worth of stuff.† This made him laugh. â€Å"Don't take it personally. She was testing you. She wanted to see if you're a worthy match for her grandson.† â€Å"What's the point? He's dead now.† I nearly choked on the words. â€Å"True, but for her, it's still important. And, by the way, she does think you're worthy.† â€Å"She has a funny way of showing it. I mean, aside from bringing me to meet you, I guess.† He laughed again. â€Å"Even without her, Oksana would have known what you are as soon as she met you. Being shadow-kissed has an effect on the aura.† â€Å"So she can see auras too,† I murmured. â€Å"What else can she do? She must be able to heal, or you wouldn't be shadow-kissed. Does she have super-compulsion? Can she walk dreams?† That caught him off guard. â€Å"Her compulsion is strong, yes†¦ but what do you mean, walk dreams?† â€Å"Like†¦ she'd be able to enter someone else's mind when they're asleep. Anyone's mind-not just yours. Then they could have conversations, just as if they were together. My friend can do it.† Mark's expression told me that was news to him. â€Å"Your friend? Your bondmate?† Bondmate? I'd never heard that term. It was weird-sounding, but it made sense. â€Å"No†¦ another spirit user.† â€Å"Another? How many do you know?† â€Å"Three, technically. Well, four now, counting Oksana.† Mark turned away, staring absentmindedly at a cluster of pink flowers. â€Å"That many†¦ that's incredible. I've only met one other spirit user, and that was years ago. He too was bonded to his guardian. That guardian died, and it ripped him apart. He still helped us when Oksana and I were trying to figure things out.† I braced myself for my own death all the time, and I feared for Lissa's. Yet it had never occurred to me just what it would be like with a bond. How would it affect the other person? What would it be like to have a gaping hole, where once you'd been intimately linked to someone else? â€Å"He never mentioned walking dreams either,† Mark continued. He chuckled again, friendly lines crinkling up around his blue eyes. â€Å"I thought I would be helping you, but maybe you're here to help me.† â€Å"I don't know,† I said doubtfully. â€Å"I think you guys have more experience at this than we do.† â€Å"Where's your bondmate?† â€Å"Back in the U.S.† I didn't have to elaborate, but somehow, I needed to tell him the whole truth. â€Å"I†¦ I left her.† He frowned. â€Å"Left as in†¦ you simply traveled? Or left as in you abandoned her?† Abandoned. The word was like a slap in the face, and suddenly, all I could envision was that last day I'd seen her, when I'd left her crying. â€Å"I had things to do,† I said evasively. â€Å"Yes, I know. Oksana told me.† â€Å"Told you what?† Now he hesitated. â€Å"She shouldn't have done it†¦ She tries not to.† â€Å"Done what?† I exclaimed, uneasy for reasons I couldn't explain. â€Å"She, well†¦ she brushed your mind. During brunch.† I thought back and suddenly recalled the tickling in my head, the heat rolling over me. â€Å"What does that mean exactly?† â€Å"An aura can tell a spirit user about someone's personality. But Oksana can also dig further, reaching in and actually reading more specific information about a person. Sometimes she can tie that ability into compulsion†¦ but the results are very, very powerful. And wrong. It's not right to do that to someone you have no bond with.† It took me a moment to process that. Neither Lissa nor Adrian could read the thoughts of others. The closest Adrian could come to someone's mind was the dream walking. Lissa couldn't do that, not even for me. I could feel her, but the opposite wasn't true. â€Å"Oksana could feel†¦ oh, I don't know how to explain it. There's a recklessness in you. You're on some sort of quest. There's vengeance written all over your soul.† He suddenly reached over and lifted my hair up, peering at my neck. â€Å"Just as I thought. You're unpromised.† I jerked my head back. â€Å"Why is that such a big deal? That whole town back there is filled with dhampirs who aren't guardians.† I still thought Mark was a nice guy, but being preached to always irritated me. â€Å"Yes, but they've chosen to settle down. You†¦ and others like you†¦ you become vigilantes of sorts. You're obsessed with hunting Strigoi on your own, with personally setting out to right the wrongs that whole race has brought down upon us. That can only lead to trouble. I see it all the time.† â€Å"All the time?† I asked, startled. â€Å"Why do you think guardian numbers are dwindling? They're leaving to have homes and families. Or they're going off like you, still fighting but answering to no one-unless they're hired to be bodyguards or Strigoi hunters.† â€Å"Dhampirs for hire†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I suddenly began to understand how a non-royal like Abe had gotten his bodyguards. Money could make anything happen, I supposed. â€Å"I've never heard of anything like that.† â€Å"Of course not. You think the Moroi and other guardians want that widely known? Want to dangle that in front of you as an option?† â€Å"I don't see what's so wrong with Strigoi hunting. We're always defensive, not offensive, when it comes to Strigoi. Maybe if more dhampirs set out after them, they wouldn't be such a problem.† â€Å"Perhaps, but there are different ways of going about that, some better than others. And when you're going out like you are-with a heart filled with sorrow and revenge? That's not one of the better ways. It'll make you sloppy. And the shadow-kissed darkness will just complicate things.† I crossed my arms over my chest and stared stonily ahead. â€Å"Yeah, well, it's not like I can do much about that.† He turned to me, expression surprised once more. â€Å"Why don't you just have your bondmate heal the darkness out of you?†

Contract Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Contract Law - Essay Example Trietel distinguishes the obligations arising out of a contract on the basis of mutual agreement between parties3. The â€Å"consideration,† which Stone defines as â€Å"what one party to an agreement is giving, or promising in exchange for what is being given or promised from the other side†4 in this case is 2000 pounds, payable to Alexander Constructions, for completing the excavation. However, when Alexander Constructions strikes the thick layer of rock, it is promised an additional 500 pounds by Brown in the interest of getting the work completed on time. This is not however, a part of the original consideration that has been spelt out in the contract. Brown may be able to reply on the precedent in the case of Stilk v Myrick5 to refute the payment of an extra 500 pounds, since Alexander Constructions was only carrying out the excavations which were already a part of the original contract. In the Stilk6 case, Stilk was a sailor who was promised additional pay to get the vessel back to London when two other sailors deserted ship. The Court however held that under the terms of his contract, Stilk was obliged to cope with emergencies and had therefore done nothing beyond his contractual terms to justify additional pay. This could be applied to the case of Alexander Constructions as well. However, a similar situation arose in the case of Hartley v Ponsonby,7 where a sailor sued for additional pay that was offered to get the ship back when other sailors deserted ship. But in this case, the Court fund on behalf of the sailor and he was granted the additional pay. The only difference in these two cases lay in the fact that in the Stilk case, the number of sailors who deserted was only two, hence the condition of the remaining sailors was not dire and they should have been able to cope. As opposed to this, in the Hartley case, there were substantial desertions,

Discuss the challenges of implementing sustainable solutions to the Essay

Discuss the challenges of implementing sustainable solutions to the global - Essay Example â€Å"The key challenges of water management can only be understood within the context of water’s role in the world today† (WWDR 2, 2006: 1). Various factors play a part: the impact of extreme climates as witnessed in floods and drought conditions; many of the socio-economic systems in the world connecting at a rapidly growing rate; poverty, warfare, diseases such as Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) afflicting many of the world’s populations; and the prevalence of increasingly crowded urban conditions. The world’s water managers have to monitor equitably and with more refined techniques, the increasingly scarce freshwater resource. At the same time, they have to face the complexities and pressures of the rapidly changing conditions and deterioration of available resources. In November, 2002, the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), created a milestone in the history of human rights by recognizing water as a fundamental human right. The one hundred and forty five countries which have approved the International CESCR will now be required to progressively ensure that there is access to safe and sufficient drinking water, without any form of discrimination among people (WWDR 1, 2003). The world’s socio-economic development including poverty alleviation, demographic and technological change, globalization, trade, warfare and security; as well as climate variability are each mutually interdependent with freshwater resources (UNESCO, 2006). The natural cycle of water around the earth is the hydrological cycle. All water on earth is constantly recycled, repurified, and reused. The three main impacts that humans have on the hydrological cycle are: withdrawing freshwater for domestic, industrial or agricultural purposes, polluting the water while using it, and returning the used water into the hydrological cycle for purification through further stages till it is again available for use (Wright & Nebel, 2005:

Human Cognition and the Brain Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Cognition and the Brain - Case Study Example Phineas P. Gage was a railroad employee who went through a serious brain damage when metal pierced through his head, destroying the frontal lobe areas of his mind. This brain damage was expected to impose severe impacts on his feelings, attitudes and behaviors, transforming him in a wild and unstable level, so intense so that his friends even mentioned that he was not even the person he once was prior to the accident. At the time that this happened to the medical world, Gage's situation resulted to developments in the medical belief of the operations and portions of the human brain concerning the human feelings and behaviors. Gage's situation is mentioned as among the initial proof recommending that serious injury to the frontal lobes of the human brain could change elements of attitudes and behavior and will have an impact on the communicative abilities. Prior to this case the frontal lobes were commonly perceived to possess very minimal responsibilities in attitudes (Fleischman, 2004). With respect to current medical research, a serious injury to the brain especially in the frontal area by an object that has dimensions of more than an inch in diameter and has a weight of more than ten pounds, would definitely make living impossible for the person, since this would mean a lethal destruction to essential brain parts, which include the superior sagittal sinus. Nonetheless, Gage was able to make it through the serious accident and added miseries because of an infection developed. Gage was eventually discovered to have exhibited radical shifts in attitudes and perceptions. Gage's situation is mentioned as among the initial proof recommending that serious injury to the frontal lobes of the brain could change elements of human behavior and have an adverse impact in the proper communication between people. Prior to this situation the frontal lobes were generally perceived to have very minimal responsibilities in human attitudes. Medical expert Antonio Damasio has studied thoroughly on the case of Gage, and including other people he has devoted his time which, in his own opinion, had the same brain damages. In an idea he pertained to as the somatic marker theory, Damasio recommends a connection between the frontal lobes, human behavior and logical choices of a person. He views Gage's situation as having an essential responsibility in the field of nerve science, stating that Gage's case was the essential foundation of the field of the scientific foundations of human attitudes. While researches by Hanna Damasio and his assistants recommended a serious damage to the frontal lobes, a recent research by Ratiu and his assistants formulated on a scan of Gage's head implies that the degree of Gage's brain damage must have been not so serious at all as what is known today (Bradberry, 2005). It is normally recommended that Gage's situation hastened the improvement of a medical procedure called frontal lobotomy, currently a rare medical operation that results to an erratic behavioral response and attitude developments. Nevertheless, past research investigation does not look very positive to validate this hypothesis. It looks like that perception of Gage's brain d

Business management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Business management - Essay Example mportant when assessing the potential success of a business partnership prior to implementation since it gives a general overview of the market situation in relation to the goals of the alliance hence makes it easier to draft business strategies. The main variables analysed are the resources available to the alliance, the marketplace competitive advantage and prospective financial performance superiority. According to the model, competition typically consists of the continuous struggle among organizations for comparative advantages in their amount and quality of resources that will result to better marketplace positions (also competitive advantage) and, in so doing, superior financial performance. An analysis of these two partnerships using the resource-advantage theory shows that the partnerships put all partners involved at an advantage over their competitors, promising increased revenue returns on the venture through several avenues such as an expanded market segment, production o f high quality products and also expansion of the resource base (including funding, staff expertise and infrastructure). Google (derived from ‘googol’ meaning 10100) began as a thesis of two Ph.D. students at Stanford University who later became its founders (Google Inc. 2014: Para 1). Over the years, it has made enormous progress, made possible through a chain of acquisitions and partnerships with the aim of constantly improving customer experience through creativity and innovation. Some of the major alliances that Google has undertaken include the partnership with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and more recently, an alliance with carmakers called the Open Auto Alliance. Below is a schematic diagram of the resource-advantage model adapted from Hunt and Morgan (1997) Alliance with NASA has got very promising prospects. The main intent of this partnership is to increase innovation in the use of the internet to make it more productive and accessible. The

Compare Fashion in 19th century to contemporary form of popular Research Paper

Compare Fashion in 19th century to contemporary form of popular culture - Research Paper Example The paper pays interests to the kinds of people who participated in this culture, their socioeconomic and cultural context, material practices involved, spaces needed for culture, and the purpose of the cultures to their participants. This paper compares and contrasts the two popular cultures; literary writing and cyber culture. Popular culture refers to intricate assembly of ideas, perspectives, fads, attitudes, images, and values widely practiced by the mainstream population in a given culture. Popular can also entail culture oriented for the market, which is spread via mass media. Popular culture arises from universal exposure to the same media (Hinds, Motz and Nelson 3). Popular culture permeates everyday lives of large segments of people giving them identity. Popular culture affects and consensually informs interests among mainstream population (Boehm 37). Various desires of the masses make up popular culture in the contemporary world. Counter cultural groups and religious groups criticize popular culture because it is shallow, consumerist, melodramatic, and contaminated. However, consumers of popular culture oppose indoctrination and negative view points from critics. Fashion in the 19th Century Literature This includes writing styles and literary genres such as creative writing, popular science, drama, romance, poetry, thrillers, comic books, letters, and crime fiction. Prior to 19th century, the literary economy did not have a stabilized audience for literary goods. With infiltration of literary as a mainstream culture in mid- 19th century, authors could now afford to support themselves from writing. This from of culture in 19th century accommodated different audiences and authors. Most of the literature and writings exhibited varying styles occasioned by prevailing ethos, periods or movements. Literary writing responded to the culture of the family centred middle class. Most of the literary writings of 19th century were metropolitan each addressing an audience (Patell 18). For instance, there were children books mostly dwelling on comic and literature for scholars such as scientific writings. Children literature expressed practical advice and enhanced moral and spiritual growth. The Comic in both books and newspapers came in different shapes, colours and sizes. They both used humor expressed in basic and straight drawings. Similarly, domestic fiction’s chief audience were women. The literary space paid homage to family space; men’s, women’s, and children’s world as well as historical. The literary writings highlighted domestic culture as they addressed socially distinct audiences. Literature provided spaces for reading and writing. Each space attracted a distinctly constituted audience. The divergence of audiences experienced its own cultural forces hence bestowing contrasting value and support. Literary writing of the 19th century provided open-spaces for re engagement with the society. The culture illuminated the culture of the peoples constructively. Literary writings of the 19th century documented historical truths of the society and aided in reconstitution of new cultures e.g. advancing the debate on slavery and racial equality which eventually led to civil rights movements (Patell 22). This culture was amplified by nationalism, in a special way; it articulated the prevailing anxiety on cultural dependency that had endured political independence. The literary market of 19th century was boosted by the vitality of middle-class literary taste. The literary works did no longer enumerate and support class defining values. This heralded a new organization of consumption, purely for entertainment. Some of the audience were working class with

Importance And Role Of Economic Information Essay

Importance And Role Of Economic Information - Essay Example This mutual understanding is for the reason that businesses do not require to end up in price wars among competitors that ultimately eludes the profitability of the businesses. Owing to the interdependence and resulting price stickiness characteristic of industry, the demand for the product turns elastic in case the price is increased as compared to industry participants. If the competitors will attempt to increase the price as compare to other participants and this will result in losing revenue as demand will switch to other competitors. While in case of lowering price customers show inelasticity as all industry participants reduced price taking all firm to competitive positions again. Even in case of a high increase in marginal cost, the considerably low impact has to be transferred to customers. Since profit is maximized at a point where marginal cost equals marginal revenue therefore as long as marginal cost cuts marginal revenue in vertical position price will remain at P. Furth er, in case MC cuts marginal revenue vertically the price is retained same and a benefit is not passed on the customer.Further, competition is supported in other aspects such as branding, services accuracy etc, ABB has developed a competitive advantage with fast delivery services supported by online operations as compared to competitors in certain areas in order to retain differentiation from competitors. Other competitors based on respective capacity compete on aspects such as quality or differentiated range of products offered.  ... Further, incase MC cuts marginal revenue vertically the price is retained same and benefit is not passed on the customer. Further, competition is supported in other aspects such as branding, services accuracy etc, ABB has developed competitive advantage with fast delivery services supported by online operations as compare to competitors in certain areas in order to retain differentiation from competitors. Other competitors based on respective capacity compete on aspects such as quality or differentiated range of products offered. All these factors ensure increasing barrier to entry for new entrants while retaining competition. Therefore, securing industry from competition authorities to charge participants with accusation of cartelization; practice that is followed in oligopoly. Hence, being abreast not only with respective business position economically ABB has to remain updated as well as linked with the strategies of competitors to retains the competitive business positions. IMPOR TANCE AND ROLE OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION Financial information and respective understanding forms the back bone of the business. Importance of financial information is not only critical for top management that are concerned for decision making with respect overall business goals but at the same time financial information is critical for every department (Brealey, Myers, Allen, & Mohanty, 2007). For instance, marketing department’s investment in the advertisement and sales campaign are concerned to fetch sales that add considerably to profitability. Similarly, HR department also evaluates performance of departments, respective employees and comparison of efficiency of company employees with other

Panera Bread Case Study Essay Example for Free

Panera Bread Case Study Essay INTRODUCTION: Panera Bread is one of the great American success stories of breaking trends, and shaking up the market with complete innovation. Not only were they successful, but they were able to achieve this success while doing things their own way. Product and Service differentiation were the keys to this bakery-cafà ©s success. Before Panera Breads creation in ___, never had a business combined the relaxing environment of a cafà © with the fresh aroma of an artisans bakery. This proved to be a gold mine for its owner and stakeholders, and the analysis of this period from 2001 to 2003 shows exactly why. In this analysis, we will examine the success factors of Panera Bread and explain why they were able to achieve some of the goals they had accomplished thus far. We will also explain some alternatives and opportunities that Panera Bread may look forward to taking advantage of in the future. Panera Breads mission was to create the bakery-cafà ©; a place the combined the welcoming atmosphere of coffee shops, the food of sandwich shops, and the quick service of fast food restaurants. They named this type of service fast-casual dining and the term fits because of the atmosphere and quality of service they were able to provide. Panera Bread targeted 5 key consumer dining needs which include the following: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS: CURRENT SITUATION The companys revenues rose from 350.8 million to 977.1 million between 2000 and 2003 as a result of new unit expansion, with 419 stores opening between 1999 and 2003. In 2000 system wide comparison sales and annualized unit volumes increased 9.1% and 12%. The growth of these two metrics decreased in the years following with system wide comparable sales and AUVs increasing only .2% and .5%. GENERAL ENVIRONMENT The fast-casual dining market consists of those companies that seek to fill the gap between fast-food chains and full-service restaurants. These companies offer speed, efficiency, inexpensiveness, hospitality, quality and ambiance. These restaurants fall under fast casual when they offer self-service, a check between 6 and 9 dollars, slightly more expensive than fast food but cheaper than full service restaurants. Other requirements include that the food be made to order and the dà ©cor being upscale. This market of restaurants experienced significant growth between 1999 and 2003. Continued growth was expected with sales projected to reach 50 billion in the following decade. This growth was expected to come at the expense of fast food chains. The industrys growth started with high profitability and diverse dining avenues, with concepts such as Mexican, Chinese, and bakeries. Opening costs for these establishments in relation to annual sales was minimal, allowing more new players to get into the market with fresh concepts and menu items. Also the maturing of baby boomers and their children contributed largely to the growth of the fast casual market. This demographic expressed insufficient time for cooking while growing tired of fast food and desiring a high-quality, fresh, healthy dining experience, without the time consumption of a full dining restaurant. This market has effectively emerged itself into a legitimate trend in the restaurant industry. Modern day customers seek establishments that combine qualities such as a casual atmosphere, quality, and quick service. Panera Bread focuses on these aspects of their bakeries by offering breakfast, lunch, daytime chill-out, lunch in the evening and take home meals; in alignment with consumer dining  needs. The companys customer base included seniors, matinee-goers, shoppers, business professionals, and students. The company focuses on delivering high quality foods, targeting suburban dwellers and workers as a premium specialty bakery and cafà ©. Panera Bread was a pioneer in the cafà ©-bakery segment with unique concepts and operation strengths, which has led the company to its current position in the fast casual dining market. The company designed its concept in meeting the consumers needs of efficiency and the desire for high quality dining, which arent met by traditional fast food chains. The company strived to establish Panera Bread as a leading national brand, with its operation quality, real estate strategies, and design being integral to their success Each company-operated bakery had computerized cash registers to collect point of sale transaction data, used in generating marketing information. Product prices were programmed into the system from the corporate office. The companys in-store information system was designed to assist in labor scheduling and food cost management, to provide corporate and retail operation management fast access to data, and to reduce administrative time. These systems supplied data to the companys accounting department daily, enabling them to use the data to generate weekly reports on sales and other important elements. The company also monitored the average check, customer count, product mix, and other sales trends. Also, facilities had systems that allowed the dough facilities to accept electronic orders from the bakery and deliver orders to the bakeries. TASK ENVIRONMENT Employees consisted of full time associates in administrative or general positions, commissary operators, bakers, and associates at the bakeries. As of December 2003 the company had 3,924 full time associates, of whom 344 were employed in general or administrative roles principally at or from the companys support centers. The company also had 4,078 part-time hourly associates at the bakeries. The companys priority was staffing its bakeries, fresh dough facilities, and support centers with skilled associates, investing in training programs to ensure quality. The company  offered incentive programs and bonuses to salaried employees, with the addition of product discounts and employee stock options. Panera Bread believed that providing bakery-cafà © operators the opportunity to participate in the success of the company would enable the company to attract and retain highly motivated and experienced personnel, resulting in a better customer experience. The company targets mostly those individuals in urban areas, focusing on white collar workers who seek a fast and healthier alternative from fast food burgers and other common establishments of fast service. With a large focus on individuals seeking a fast, quality bakery product, the company seeks to give its target customers a stylish ambiance to dine in. Panera Breads competition derived from sources within its trade areas. The stores competed based on consumers need for breakfast, lunch, daytime, lunch in the evening, and take home bread sales with the competitive factors being location, environment, customer service, price, and quality of products. The company also competed for leased space in desirable locations where certain competitors had capital resources that exceeded those available to Panera Bread. Those primary competitors included specialty food and casual dining restaurant retailers, including national, regional, and locally owned concepts. Panera Bread had a fresh dough facility system that supplied fresh dough to the company owned and franchise operated bakeries daily. The company had 16 commissaries that prepare the fresh dough. These commissaries assured product quality and consistency, headed by the companys master artisan baker, Mile Marino, who has been with the company since 1987. The company also entered into five year contract with a company named Bunge for its supply of frozen dough. The company also signed an agreement with Dawn Food Products to prep and deliver the frozen dough; structured as a cost-plus agreement. Franchised bakerys operated under individual contracts with either the company distributor or other regional distributors, with three companies serving as the primary distributors for Panera Bread. The company has had increasing stock holders equity between 1999 and 2003, with its most recent total stockholders equity equaling 195,937 in December of 2003. Total incurred liabilities of the company equaled $46,235 in December of 2003 which made for a total liabilities and stockholders equity of $245,943  for the year. INTERNAL ANALYSIS The company strategy centered around a conceptual focus on the specialty bakery category with a focus on artisan attention bread made with all-natural ingredients. The strategies implemented by the company focus on meeting the important consumer trends met by fast food chains, while striving for a more upscale environment. In an effort to make Panera Bread emerge into a nationally dominant name, the company framed its menu, operating systems, prototype, and strategies around effective competition within sub-level business targets. This helped to company to increase profits between 2002 and 2003. The unique character of Panera Breads quality in its cafà ©s, menu options, distinguished bakery design, along with the valuable locations of its stores contributed to its success. The company planned to combine company and franchise efforts in order to achieve its growth. Franchising proved to be a key factor in the companys success, allowing the company to expand more rapidly due to increa sed resources to outfit the strategies and concepts produced by Panera. At the closing of the 2003 fiscal year, the company had 429 bakeries in operation and documented intention of opening an addition 409 bakeries. The company has 8 key executive officers with extensive experience, both with Panera Bread and also with other major corporations and organizations including Starbucks, Fidelity Investments, and other companies. All of these officers obtained their position with Panera between 1999 and 2003. The company derives its culture from the pre-existing chains of fast food and full service dine-ins. In an effort to supply consumers with a third option that combined the attributes of both of these markets, the company, through many stages of conception, effectively identified a niche within urban consumers. The company pioneered a new market segment of food service trends and through constant growth and innovation has built a successful company. The company is structured with top management and board executives establishing and updating views goals and visions for the growth and target of the restaurant chain. The company has both corporate and franchise operated bakerys that adhere to the vision and direction of company management and consumer trends. STRATEGY FORMATION: Panera Bread has maintained its business strategy over its lifespan and they continue to employ a product/service differentiation strategy to sustain their competitive advantage as a fast-casual dining experience. This strategy has enabled them to grow very swiftly over the past 15-20 years and has given them a substantial hold on the market for fast-casual dining. Panera Breads decision to employ this differentiation strategy correctly, gives them the best opportunity to succeed for their target market. They are in a market where there are many ways to differentiate the products and services they provide. Buyers often perceive these differences as the product/service having value. Fortunately, few rival firms are following this distinct differentiation approach. Ron Schaich and his team were correct when concluding that this differentiation strategy would attract patrons which gave Panera Bread every reason to employ this strategy. To differentiate themselves from the likes of McDonalds, Burger King, or Pizza Hut; they focused on an extremely high quality of food products. This played into their game plan of becoming a specialty cafe and they continued to choose the best and most natural ingredients for their products. Every loaf of bread is baked with the four ingredients, water, natural yeast, flour and salt, no chemicals or preservatives are ever used. Another practice they employ to provide first class products is within their supply chain. To provide fresh dough to their locations every day, they have many regional fresh dough facilities. These facilities would go through a 48 hour process to prepare bread and bagel dough for shipment, which provides consistent quality and efficiency to all the locations. Panera Bread also found that many customers were more health conscious which prompted them to introduce a full line of whole grain breads. Other improvements that they instituted included new artisan sweet goods, egg soufflà ©s and natural anti-biotic free chicken all to meet the customers ever changing preferences. These are the practices upon which Panera Bread has continued to provide an exceptional distinct product line to its customers in hopes of sustaining a competitive advantage. Panera has also implemented change in other areas to provide their customers with a differentiated service experience. They have employed a cafe design which created one of the most comfortable and warm environments to dine in. This has been very successful for their strategy of distinguishing themselves and their offerings to customers. Like Starbucks, they wanted to create an environment in which consumers would identify Panera Bread as a neighborhood meeting place. As a result, patrons would continuously use a Panera Bread location for all sorts of gatherings whether they are for business or pleasure. One of the greatest benefits that Panera Bread provides to its customers is free wireless high-speed internet and since they were one of the first to do so, this created a competitive advantage for them. The fast-casual dining industry is generally a new concept. At this point, Panera needs to sustain its leadership and competitive advantage in this industry to continue to grow and fend off competitors. One of the best defensive strategies that they can employ is the leverage gained by economies of scale. With these economies they can continue to offer their products on their terms, which give them an advantage over the competition. This in turn gives them more control over the market and the suppliers in this industry. Here they can block avenues for current competitors as well as new entrants. If they can continue to stay on the top of the industry they can continue to employ this defensive strategy. One of the main reasons that Panera Bread is relevant is because of its size. At this point they are one of the largest fast-casual dining businesses and they use this size to stimulate further growth. Continuing to grow gives them the opportunity to generate more revenue if executed well with the right buyers. Revenue is always a great reason for expansion and Panera Bread knows this. They are one of the best in the restaurant industry at recognizing shifts in consumer preferences and being able to make the proper adjustments to satisfy their customers. This is crucial especially in todays world where change is continuous and rapid. As Panera Bread consistently strives to be a leader in product and environmental offerings,  its crucial that they continue to be aware of and progress along with the changing world. Even though they can employ some of these strategies in the future, they cant lose track of their business model for fast-casual dining restaurants in the process. Though Panera Bread has been very successful during this period, there are some strategies which they can enact to stimulate a growth in profits. Unfortunately, with each benefit from an alternative there is always a cost that Panera Bread may or may not be willing to incur. Firstly, Panera Bread could try to vertically integrate their products. This would call for them to pre-pack some of their bread and sandwich products and sell them in local grocery chains across the United States. This strategy would make their products more accessible to the general public even where there are no Panera Bread cafà ©-bakeries nearby. One of the key risks with strategy would be the possibility that product quality would diminish because the products are not being made fresh within the actual bakeries. The second strategic alternative would be the use of mini cafes within retail stores. This strategy has already been implemented by Starbucks with their mini cafes inside of Target retail stores. This would also make the products more accessible to the general public, thus giving Panera Bread more exposure. This strategy would require Panera Bread to train managers within the retail store to be able to handle the proper preparation of their products. Lastly, the third alternative would be acquiring local cafes and transforming them into new cafà ©-bakery locations. This strategy would essentially eliminate competition and create new areas where these products can be accessed. On the other hand, if Panera Bread is unable to conduct full takeovers, there is a risk that they could lose some of the authenticity of their products/services.

Life-changing Moments through Learning Experiences Essay Example for Free

Life-changing Moments through Learning Experiences Essay As each one of us may agree, life brings us a lot of experiences†¦ Experiences that could influence our next moves and actions in the future†¦ and eventually, these actions can impact changes into our lives†¦ It is a common knowledge that change is the only constant thing in this world. Nevertheless, aside from change, I can say that learning is also a constant and ever-evolving aspect in each individual’s life. It is because of the fact that whatever we do can eventually bring about new learning insights that will cause us to integrate and implement changes within ourselves. As for me, I have been truly aware of the changes that were made possible by the essays I have done for this course. In this regard, this paper aims to exemplify the changes in my outlook and disposition in life. Further, the essence of this paper shall revolve around my very own theme, which says, â€Å"life-changing moments through learning experiences†. The image below (which I especially made for this essay) depicts the theme of this paper, which is engraved in a colorful background. The different colors signify the various circumstances and experiences that we encounter in our lives. Those circumstances may be in green or yellow, red or blue, or perhaps, just plain black or white— life’s experiences can categorically bring about changes into us†¦ Indeed, we will never be the same again†¦

Billboards And Transit Advertisements Media Essay

Billboards And Transit Advertisements Media Essay Another research Street Smart was a successful pedestrian and bicycle safety program implemented in 2002, to educate the public on the severity of this problem and to promote pedestrian participation organizations concerned about the public safety issue, and funded by several Districts, countries and stat e agencies. Pedestrians were targeted with a variety of outdoor opportunities .12 posters were placed in key Metro stations around the area. 65 bus backs were created and placed on buses. They were targeted to reach pedestrians running to catch buses three posters were produced which dealt with pedestrian behaviors and safety issues. One side was printed in English, with the second side in Spanish. These were distributed for display in government buildings, schools, and libraries, parking garages, grocery stores and various events, In order to validate the campaign and judge effectiveness of the effort, a longitudinal tracking study was conducted both before and after the campaign. Evaluation goals were to discover if public awareness of pedestrian and bicycle safety issues was increased. Awareness of the advertising and public relations campaign for Street Smart increased. Awareness of the advertising and public relations campaign for Street Smart increased significantly between the pre-campaign survey and post-campaign survey among motorists 18 to 44 years of age, although there was a significant increase in awareness of the Street Smart Campaign to make drivers aware of pedestrians and the laws to yield to them in crosswalks. Hence outdoor medium played a significant role in bringing awareness among people. In country India, Coca Cola keep up to the Polio Pulse program, elevated attentiveness throughout outdoor promotion in appearance of hoardings, posters and banners, community declaration on the behalf of companys circulation motor vehicles and improving workers helpers on vaccination axis and also for activate communities. The Government of India prepared to launch the biggest polio vaccination force in 2000, In India Coca Cola and International Rotary declared a foremost nationwide partnership to help the Governments hard works to struggle for the mortal syndrome. It was later calculated (not scientifically) that a large majority of people responded by dropping suggestion in the suggestion boxes. Moreover it was observed that during this campaign the sale revenue of Coca Cola increased. There were at least 35 billboards: Coca Cola India and Rotary International also funded 15-transit advertisement. Their target was not only rural but sub- urban areas as well. The campaign was succes sful in bringing awareness and perception and outdoor medium proved to be an integral part of the media, playing a positive role in the society. If we talked about health care issues, Outdoor advertising plays a very fundamental role. On August 10, 1995, President Clinton announced some steps and plans to restrict the advertising, promotion, distribution and marketing of cigarettes to teenagers (White House Press Release 1995, P. 1). The Government stress on young people to prove identity or show ID card to buy a cigarette and also Government broadcast that billboards advertising cigarettes or smokeless tobacco near playgrounds and schools should be forbidden. Another restriction that Government imposes on Advertising is that Image that attracts Minors is not being appreciated on the billboards. The marketing campaigns used for cigarettes to minor are banned and the ban includes items ranging from single-cigarette sales, T-shirts, and gym bags to the sponsorship of sporting events. The FDA wants to educate the people to start raising funds to and implement an annual $150 million campaign aimed at stopping minors from smoking (White House Press Release 1995, P. 2). Another Goal of U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is to reduce half of the number of minors who start smoking. The 1994 Surgeon Generals Report (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1994, p. 5) found that over three million children smoke cigarettes and a supplementary one million teenager males use smokeless tobacco also daily 3000 youths become regular smokers (Institute of Medicine 1994, p.8). The younger the age that a person starts to smoke the superior the chance of becoming a heavy smoker (cf. Escobedo et al. 1993; Taioli and Wynder, 1991). Seventy percent of minors who do smoke apologize for their assessment and 66% would like to give up (George H. Gallup International Institute 1992, p. 54). Although the smoking rates for adults have declined, the smoking rates of minors have failed to decline in a decade. In the FDAs (1995) Proposed Rules, Section 897.30(a) sets out acceptable forms of advertising. Advertising that has the cigarette or smokeless tobacco product brand name (unaccompanied or in combination with any other word) or any other indicia of tobacco product classification may appear only in newspapers, magazines, journals or other publications; on billboards, posters, and placards (in accordance with section 897.30b). Another Section 897.30(a) deals with advertising of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco goods to adults. The use of color is not prohibited in these advertisements. The advertisements may have slogans, symbol, and other forms of categorization. Imagery is allowed, because the effect on young people would be nominal. Section 897.30(a) places no limitations on advertisements for tobacco products in adult publications. Projected Rule Section 897.30(b) states that no outdoor advertising, such as billboards, posters, or placards, may be placed within 1000 feet of any playground, elementary school, or secondary school (p. 41374). The projected policy put out numerous separate rest rictions on advertising. The first illustrates acceptable forms of advertisements in adult publications (Section 897.30a) and a more preventive format in publications that are understand by those less than 18 years of age (Section, 897.32). The second exclude outdoor advertising within 1000 feet of schools and play- grounds (Section, 897.30b). The third prohibits the marketing of sales promotion items (e.g., T-shirts) bearing any indicia of product recognition and prohibits the funding of events in the brand name (Section, 897.34). The rationale behind the conventions is not to avoid all sales of tobacco products, but the sale of these products to children and teenagers. The projected guideline limiting the design of advertising to minors should withstand a legal challenge. The Division of Health and Human Services has various studies to express the connection among smoking and health risks. The smoking velocity started to turn down later than cigarette advertisements were forbidden from the electronic medium. The projected limitations on outdoor advertising and the proposed ban of promotional matter also are expected to survive legal inspection. Governmental history supports this vision. So it can now rightly be said that Outdoor media can play a vital role in the society norms and prevents any discrepancy. Continuation of Outdoor advertisement related with marketing and restrictions, it is said that the U.S cigarette companies have been under pressure for decades. The most major problem facing by U.S tobacco industry is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) rule. The rules for FDA are to restrict the sale and distribution of tobacco products to children (60 Fed. Reg. 41314). After only one year of this restriction the FDA announced and intended to protect children from using tobacco products. (61 Fed. Reg. 44396). Here the role of Outdoor advertisement is for social purpose. Through advertising you can convey bad message as well as creative and constructive message and for that FDA bans the cartoon images to protect the children from taking tobacco habits. Only advertisement allows portraying the people such as Marlboro cowboy. The FDA also rule, that advertising should not be in white backgrounds and black text. The specific rule that had been taken by FDA for outdoor advertisement w as to ban all billboards within 1000 feet of schools and playgrounds and limit all outdoor advertisement to black and white only. According to FDA agreement all transit advertisement including sign in stadiums, arenas, shopping malls, video gaming centers related with tobacco industry must be prohibited. Here the main problem is for the retailers and the manufacturers of the tobacco industries. Hence the proposed settlement was to ban all outdoor advertisement even if advertising is inside a retail store that was visible from outside so it is not surprising that tobacco industry suffers tobacco marketing restrictions. So it can now rightly be said that outdoor media advertisement played a key role for creating perception of the people. If you do outdoor advertisement for social cause then definitely it creates impact to the people by generating awareness. So outdoor media is a unique and effective media for communicating with the people. Hence understanding the importance of this me dia, government implements certain rules and regulations. More lately, (Pollay, 1986) recommended that advertisement is so persistent, rhythmic, and specialized that involuntarily it can affect our society in both negative and positive way as a entertaining institution. Furthermore, (Lantos, 1987) accomplished that advertising imperfectly reflects our lives, although it can strengthen and accelerate the pace of social change. A very interesting fact is that the majority of disapproval of advertising from those who focus on advertising social functions. A quote from a Stanford historian amplifies this concern. Although it wields a huge social authority, comparable to the influence of religion and learning, it has no social goals and no social accountability for what it does with its influence so long as it refrains from palpable violations of truth and decency. It is this lack of institutional responsibility, this lack of inborn social purpose to balance social power which, I would argue, is a basic cause for concern about the role of advertising (Potter 1954, p. 177). In 1959, the National Industrial Conference Board carries out a survey between advertisers to find out the common areas of concern for advertising management. As a result of their survey, the Board initiated major studies dealing with the following topics: Estimated spending strategies. Pre-testing advertising. Evaluating media and determining advertising efficiency. In additional words, all of these conclusion making areas are apprehensive with civilizing the efficiency of the advertising effort, but they imagine that the firms strategic decision to advertise was sound. So it can now rightly be said that advertising is a much additional effective promotional tool for escalating brand demand in some manufactured goods/market situations than others. Booming advertising depends on the correct combination of several factors. The most of these factors includes (The Economic Effects of Advertising, Neil Borden) The tendency of demand in the exacting industry is supposed to be getting higher. There are supposed to be an opening to encourage particular demand. There is considerable chance for product discrimination. Consumer happiness depends on unknown characters that cant be easily evaluate at the time of acquire. Powerful emotional buying motivation survives. The arrangement of potential unit sales times rate of gross margin must be high sufficient to authorize necessary advertising expenditures in the particular product. So the basic purpose of advertising appraisal system explained above is to discover what role advertising should play in completing the marketing goals of the firm. The process of setting advertising objectives has the benefit of supporting management in setting objectives which are responsive to conditions within the firm, the market, and the economic environment. The strategic importance of the appraisal conclusion in the series of advertising management decisions is demonstrated as under. Figure 2.1 This structured procedure that described above is to suggest relieve to managerial resolution making. Advertising in Pakistan Advertising industry in Pakistan has flourished immensely and has bought handsome revenue to the country. Advertising in Pakistan according to Aurora, a bi-monthly magazine published by Dawn Group of publication in November -December 2004 edition, Maryam Ali Baig writes despite the endemic weakness of Pakistans economy in the last 10 years, the advertising industry has seen growth during this period. Moreover, the total worth of the advertising market in 2002 was, according to Gallup estimates, 8.1 billion rupees. (135 million dollars annually). Advertisers in Pakistan cater almost all the needs of the people. There are all types of advertising being done in Pakistan. Due to innovation in technology and graphics advertising in Pakistan has taken a new step. The advertisers now urge for the very best for their product. Brief History of Advertising in Pakistan Advertising was first seen in form of print in Pakistan. Newspaper was the first medium for the advertising later. Magazines and other form were chosen for advertising. Radio also aired advertising, after all these advertisements were bringing in, profits with them. Television emerged late in broad medium of Pakistan. However, it became an effective medium for the advertisers. Not only international products, but also national products were advertised on television. Advertising agencies with the advancement in technology adopted new trends. Outdoor advertising became an integral part for any commercial or non-commercial advertising. Although being the oldest medium, it was recognized later in Pakistan. Advertising Media in Pakistan The advertising media being used in Pakistan is covering almost all international standards. The advertisement media in Pakistan includes: Broadcast (Television, radio), Print (Newspaper, Magazines, Pamphlets, Broachers, Banners), outdoor (Billboards, Transit Advertising, Electronic Billboard, Posters), below the line (Loyalty Cards, Buntings, other stationary items). Advertising in Pakistan, has set new parameters designed for development in many grounds. Like many other fields, advertising in Pakistan, is playing a positive role in progression for the country. Advertising itself, has many roles which it performs in many any society. Pakistani society, on the whole is based on religious governing comprising of sacred norms and folkways. There are certain dos and donts in any society. Advertisers are bound to follow these norms for their own good will and success. Advertising in Pakistan is performing all these roles. Advertisers in Pakistan follow the given norms and values of the society. For example, it is unethical to advertise anything regarding sexual context, Champaign advertisement, or anything against National Integrity of Pakistan. Furthermore, it is unethical to advertise anything about any religion. Advertising is playing a vital role in Pakistani society both economically and socially. It is catering for the needs of the audiences in many ways for example, by providing them consumer good services, informing them about new products, entertaining them with new methods and last but not the least, performing many social cause tasks to gain goodwill and publicity for their name. Functions of Advertising in Pakistan Advertising performs four main functions in any society. To Inform To interpret To entertain To persuade In Pakistan, the advertising takes the responsibility of informing people about new products and services. This is not only in commercial use but non-commercial field as well. The advertisers select the media for transmission of their message accordingly to the requirement of the product/service. The audiences are informed through various mediums of mass communication. It is generally observed, that many times people dont know the importance or value of the product or service. Hence, it is the responsibility of the advertiser that he interprets the core meaning of the product/ service in the right manner. In Pakistan advertising share a healthy and sometimes conflicting competition. Various products/ services require different types of entertainment. There are many new trends being brought into this field. For instance, Hilal Sweets has taken the initiative of bringing in banded songs for their products. Pakistani advertising also carries other elements such as celebrity endorsement, transformational advertisement. Advertising in Pakistan, Has given a boost to the economy of Pakistan. The main function of advertising in although to persuade the audiences to actually purchase or adopt their product and service. Although, persuasion alone doesnt complete the entire function. It is interconnected with other functions to be a success. Tools of Advertising in Pakistan Some important tools for advertising in Pakistan are newspaper, magazine, radio, television, direct mail and mail order, outdoor display and transportation. (Tariq khan, 2001) Print The reading habits of Pakistani society are not healthy as compare to the broadcast medium. Another reason can be of low rate of literacy. Yet, mostly the advertisements are targeting to the audience through newspaper, magazines, pamphlets and many other forms of print. It can also be the reason of flexibility of the coverage aspect. Other than that fresh and new advertising can also be done through newspapers. For instance, Mobilink, a famous cellular company in Pakistan recently launched its testing campaign through print and then finally executed in the newspaper. Magazines are also a source of advertising in Print. They are further divided into many categories. For instance, a fashion magazine covers all the aspects of fashion and advertising what is new and what are the coming trends. They are not as popular for advertising as they are a bit expensive and probably not the feasible medium for people. Broadcast Television is a dynamic force in the advertising field. In Pakistan, advertising is heavily relay upon television.There are various time slots as morning time transmission, noon, prime time and nighttime transmission. Mostly prime time is selected for advertisements. The Viewer ship of this time slot, in comparison with others is high. There is also an aura of glamour and excitement about television, which extends to the products being advertised like newspaper and radio also depends upon advertising. In Pakistan radio is an effective medium of mass communication. It has a wide scope and is capable of nation-wide as well as local presentation. Due to its reach in villages it can also attract agricultural, fertilizer and pesticides advertising. Like television, radio also has a proper time to advertise these products/services. These advertisements are aired when the listeners are not engaged in other activities. Outdoor Outdoor advertising in Pakistan can be tailored to cover a specific area and the whole city as well. In Pakistan, the outdoor advertising enjoys the distinctly visual advantages of color, size and locations. Billboards and chalking on walls are stationary tools of outdoor advertising. Whereas transit is the mobile tool of outdoor advertising Significance and scope of Advertising in Pakistan In Pakistan, advertising is message industry that plays a major role in shaping the content and operation of the mass media. Advertising plays an important role in our culture. It not only shapes our lifestyles but also reflects what our cultural norms are. Furthermore, Pakistan being a developing country does face hurdles in this field. There are certain norms, which should not be violated while designing any advertisement. (Abbas Qamar, 2001). Advertising Done in Pakistan for social cause Before discussing various types of social advertising being done here in Pakistan an overlook on the meaning and importance of the word social has to be comprehended. Further why is it associated with advertising? The word Social comes from Latin language socialis meaning ally, associate. According to dictionary it means involving allies or confederates. In context of the meaning it can be said that social is involving, interacting or conflicting with each other or with the environment. It would be more appropriate if social is taken in terms of society. The meanings given above indicate to involvement. But involvement with whom? Obviously with each other and that is done in any group, which is a semi part of any society. It is understood that social leads in reference to society and in any society many functions need to be sustained. Any society may be comprehensively described as an organized community of people who live and function in a single social medium. Thus, it can be said that society may have many other divisions. Any society can be divided into further divisions such as health, political, educational, legislative, environmental and social. In context of the previous discussion it can be said that society has various divisions and sub divisions. In Pakistani society, the advertising medium is being done in various sectors. Some of them are discussed below. Health Advertising The Ministry of Health in Pakistan has taken measures to promote the message of the institution. For this purpose they have chosen various mediums to promote these issues. A successful example of this may be polio campaigns around Pakistan. The techniques used by them are similar to the advertising techniques. Another example cited here can be HIV/AIDS. Both issues are being highlighted in a very successful manner. There are some donts in making of the later advertisement, which are observed strictly in making of the advertisement. Every medium has different reach and frequency and they are selected on those basis. Political Advertising During elections and other political rallies, advertising of the political parties plays a significant role in promoting good name for them. For this purpose, various techniques are used. There are respective advertising messages done by them. More ever, social advertising in this aspect makes a feasible change in their voting list. In Pakistan, even to-date these rallies and elections use orthodox methods in promoting their message more effectively. Legislative Advertising In Pakistan, the main body is the Legislative body. For the government, the taxes implied for any advertisement is reduced. In addition, government takes measures to advertise in welfare of public as well as for their own interest. Educational Advertising In Pakistan, education is the most talked issue of today. Successful examples were Punjab Educational Program and another example is of National Development Housing in Karachi. The purpose is to create awareness among people about educating their children and giving them best in life. For this objective, advertising techniques are used to promote the cause. Outdoor Social Issues Other than the above-mentioned issues, there are social issues being highlighted in advertising. They are advertised either by any company as their social responsibility, or by any non-governmental organization to promote any social cause. For instance, advertising of women rights through various mediums. Social responsibility Social Advertising has developed tremendously in Pakistan. Companies usually support particular causes or sectors and adopt these through a comprehensive and complicated internal decision making process. For Instance McDonald Pakistan hosted Worldwide Children Day. Moreover, they raised funds for the helpless children. Shell Pakistan Assigns a certain percentage of its net profits to social investment that is unrelated to branding. The five key areas shell supports are: health, education, community welfare, heritage and environment. These are in line with its commitment to sustainable development. The Dalda Campaign aimed at raising fifty hundred thousand rupees for the Shoukat Khanum Memorial Hospital. Dalda placed billboards at prominent locations in the major as well as smaller cities of Pakistan. After sometimes of this campaign, Dalda informed its consumer that about thirty hundred thousand rupees were raised for this purpose. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODS 3.1 Method of Data Collection Procedure For data collection, I had to go to common people and interview with the respondent. Asking them about their age and giving them the questionnaire. As the sample was mostly the mobile audience, I had to wait with them until they had finished the questionnaire. The sample size for the research was one hundred and one hundred questionnaire was finalized. 3.2 Sampling Technique Convenience sampling technique was used. The sample for conducting this research comprised of both male and female .Mostly they were selected from the public places. 3.3 Sample Size The sample size for this research was 100. Instruments of Data Collection Keeping in view the requirement of the study a questionnaire comprising ten questions was constructed. Mostly close-ended questions were opted in which respondents were asked to select an answer among a list. 3.6 Statistical Technique After data collection, data was designed with the help of SPSS for composing thesis script. Technique of one way ANOVA has been used to test the variables. CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS 4.1 Findings and Interpretations of the results Technique One way ANOVA Dependent variable = Social Cause (Average of Q 6,7,8,9, 10) Independent variable is found in question no 2, which depends on 5 categories a) AIDS Awareness b) Anti smoking c) Reckless driving e) Health cause d) Drug/Alcohol abuse Test of Homogeneity of Variances Table 4.1 Social. Cause Levine Statistic df1 df2 Sig. 2.166 4 95 .079 Assumption of homogeneity of variance is not violated ANOVA Table 4.2 Social. Cause Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 1.285 4 .321 1.097 .363 Within Groups 27.821 95 .293 Total 29.106 99 Sig value is greater than 0.05 which shows that the mean difference between all categories is not significant. Descriptives Table 4.3 Social. Cause N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum Maximum Lower Bound Upper Bound AIDS Awareness 24 4.1667 .45556 .09299 3.9743 4.3590 3.40 4.80 Anti smoking 41 3.9171 .50789 .07932 3.7568 4.0774 2.80 5.00 Reckless driving 18 3.8667 .67563 .15925 3.5307 4.2026 2.80 4.80 Health cause 15 4.0267 .59458 .15352 3.6974 4.3559 3.00 4.80 Drug/Alcohol abuse 2 4.1000 .14142 .10000 2.8294 5.3706 4.00 4.20 Total 100 3.9880 .54221 .05422 3.8804 4.0956 2.80 5.00 4.2 Hypotheses Assessment Summary According to this table, the mean value for all social causes is around 4 that reflect the highly significant effect of out door advertisement in creating perception and awareness for social cause. This shows that the hypothesis reflects a positive role of social advertisement in bringing awareness and perception for social cause. The awareness level for all the causes are there. People know the effectiveness of social advertisement. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION, DISCUSSION, IMLICATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH 5.1 Conclusion According to the research and the research result, the study shows that there is the positive role of outdoor social advertisement for bringing perception and awareness for social causes. People show the outdoor advertisements and create perception for certain causes. For Example in Reckless driving cause, people daily see the road signs of using helmet while driving a motorcycle, we also see a common slogan for reckless driving Speed thrills but kills or the people also see the speed limits while driving. So there is an awareness level build inside the people. 5.2 Discussion The outside screening viewers are mostly portable. The Public take a trip rapidly in automobiles or walk at a quick speed as they execute the movement of everyday life. Accurately measuring the mobile audience is very difficult however, for this research survey method was used. For this purpose the sample selected was 100 (n=100). The sample selected was divided into three age groups that are 20-25, 26-30 and 31-36 respectively. The age groups include male and female both. Awareness levels are not significantly different between men and women regarding outdoor that is seen and remembered by a greater proportion of 16-44 olds. The sample was divided, in three age groups to analyze, the awareness of the social outdoor advertising. The first group was basically: chosen in order to, analyze their awareness regarding social outdoor advertising. The people of this age group are young, and they are probably more inclined towards adopting new trends and change. The second age group was selec ted in general, because these people are heading towards, their practical and professional life and they probably take more practical measures to imply these social message in their life. The people of the third age group are probably more learned and experienced. It has generally been observed that people of this age group are mostly reluctant towards innovation .So, to see if social outdoor advertising has been successful in bringing awareness in their already formed ideas and concepts, this age group has been selected. All the institutions within society have some responsibility for helping to maintain social harmony through proper stewardship of families and companies exercise of honesty and integrity in all relationships, adherence to accept ethical standards, willingness to assist various segments of the society, and the courtesy to respect the privacy of others. Furthermore, media being an integral part of society plays an important role in any society. Outdoor is considered to be one of the oldest advertising mediums, yet technology has provided an opportunity to develop creative, eye-catching messages. The need to convey the social messages to a large number of people at same pace and time has been provided by social outdoor advertising. This research is based on Role of outdoor advertisement in bringing perception and awareness for social cause. Thus, the survey leads me to the conclusion that the hypothesis is correct in empathizing that outdoor advertisement plays a positive role in bringi ng perception and awareness for social cause.

Ethics and Medical Practice Essay -- Medicine Healthcare

Ethics and Medical Practice Since Alasdair MacIntyre's landmark book, After Virtue, there has been renewed interest in the role of the virtues in the moral life and attention paid to reappropriating the Aristotelian notion of a "practice." (1) Recent reappropriations of the virtues and virtue theory in medical ethics have contributed to conceiving more adequately the nature of good medicine. In this paper, I wish to explore some of these insights and the special relevance the notion of a practice has in an account of good medicine. Yet, I want to suggest, too, that much remains to be done. This renewed attention to the virtues needs to be supplemented by a similar reappropriation and transposition of the notion of nature in order to navigate successfully the Dardanelles of an ahistorical essentialism and the Bosphorus of a historical relativism. (2) Practices are essentially cooperative endeavors. In order to satisfy some need, individuals perform certain acts in the hope of relieving some distress or of attaining some object. Rarely if ever, though, can either be done through one's own efforts alone. When we act, we participate in already expected and agreed upon ways of doing things, and our participation in them is structured in large measure by mutual sets of expectations to which we hold each other accountable. Because it makes possible the attainment of desired goods on a regular basis, this pattern of cooperative human activity is itself a good. For this reason, Bernard Lonergan termed the actual functioning of human institutions a "good of order." (3) While particular goods may satisfy some human want or need, the regular and recurrent enjoyment and the ordering of human action are themselves distinctly valuable. ... ...ysician, and the Ethics of Medicine," p. 246, and Pellegrino and Thomasma, For the Patient's Good, Chapter 9, p. 118. (20) See Lonergan, Method in Theology, Chapter 3, p. 80. (21) See Kai Nielson, "Critique of Pure Virtue: Aniadversions on a Virtue-Based Ethic," in Virtue and Medicine, pp. 133-150. Robert Veatch's criticism is, in part, similar (see his, "Against Virtue: A Deontological Critique of Virtue Theory in Medical Ethics," in Virtue and Medicine, pp. 329-345). If one defines virtue as a praiseworthy habit or characteristic, then it may very well be the case that what is praised is in fact neither good nor right. For this reason, the virtues must be defined not in terms of praise and blame but in terms of the ends of medicine and the good it seeks. (22) Lonergan, Insight, Chapter 18, p. 629.23 See MacIntyre, After Virtue, Chapter 12, p. 139.121